Class 10 Sanskrit Samasa समास और समास-विग्रह अभ्यास
Learn to form a Sanskrit compound or expand it into a phrase. Practise with examples for CBSE Codes 122 and 119.
Topics by code · Worked examples · Practice questions · Answer key
How do you do Samasa Vigraha?
Read the compound in its sentence and identify how the parts relate. Then write out that relationship. For राजपुत्रः, ask “whose son?” and write राज्ञः पुत्रः.
समस्तपद को वाक्य में पढ़ें। पदों का सम्बन्ध पहचानकर विग्रह लिखें। “किसका पुत्र?” का उत्तर है राज्ञः पुत्रः।
Samasa topics for Codes 122 and 119
CBSE assigns four marks to Samasa in each 2026–27 syllabus. Both codes cover forming compounds and writing their expansions.
| Scope | Topics |
|---|---|
| Both | विभक्ति-तत्पुरुष, उपपद-तत्पुरुष, द्वन्द्व, अव्ययीभाव (अनु, उप, सह, निर्, प्रति, यथा) |
| Code 122 | कर्मधारय, बहुव्रीहि |
| Code 119 | नञ्-तत्पुरुष |
Worked examples · उदाहरण
| Type | Code | Compound → expansion | How to tell |
|---|---|---|---|
| विभक्ति-तत्पुरुष | Both | राजपुत्रः → राज्ञः पुत्रः | “The king’s son.” Restore the genitive राज्ञः to show whose son it is. “राजा का पुत्र” में “का” सम्बन्ध बताता है। विग्रह में राज्ञः लिखें। |
| उपपद-तत्पुरुष | Both | कुम्भकारः → कुम्भं करोति इति | “One who makes pots.” The expansion brings back the action करोति. यहाँ कुम्भ बनाने की क्रिया को विग्रह में करोति से व्यक्त किया गया है। |
| द्वन्द्व | Both | रामलक्ष्मणौ → रामः च लक्ष्मणः च | “Rama and Lakshmana.” Both are named, and the compound is dual. दोनों पद समान रूप से प्रधान हैं। दो व्यक्तियों के लिए द्विवचन है। |
| अव्ययीभाव | Both | यथाशक्ति → शक्तिम् अनतिक्रम्य | “Within one’s ability.” Here यथा sets the limit for how an action is done. अर्थ है “अपनी शक्ति की सीमा में।” |
| कर्मधारय | 122 | नीलकमलम् → नीलं कमलम् | “A blue lotus.” The compound names the lotus, and blue describes it. यहाँ नीलं विशेषण है और कमलम् विशेष्य है। समस्तपद कमल को ही बताता है। |
| बहुव्रीहि | 122 | पीताम्बरः → पीतम् अम्बरं यस्य सः | In a sentence about a person, this means “one whose garment is yellow.” The compound refers to the wearer. “जिसका वस्त्र पीला है।” समस्तपद वस्त्र धारण करने वाले व्यक्ति को बताता है। |
| नञ्-तत्पुरुष | 119 | अधर्मः → न धर्मः | The first part negates धर्मः. Restore न in the expansion. पहला पद निषेध बताता है। विग्रह में न लिखें। |
For Code 122, ask what the compound names. नीलकमलम् names the lotus itself. In a sentence describing a wearer, पीताम्बरः names the person who has a yellow garment.
Practise forming and expanding compounds
Start with the six shared questions, then choose the questions for your subject code.
- Expand हस्तलिखितम् (both codes)
- Form a compound from सूर्यः च चन्द्रः च (both codes)
- Expand सहर्षम् (both codes)
- Form a compound from जलं ददाति इति (both codes)
- Expand वनवासः (both codes)
- Form a compound from फलानि च पुष्पाणि च (both codes)
- Expand श्वेतवस्त्रम् (Code 122)
- Expand (describing a person) दीर्घबाहुः (Code 122)
- Expand अनाचारः (Code 119)
- Form a compound from न सत्यम् (Code 119)
Answer key · उत्तरमाला
Show all ten worked answers
- हस्तेन लिखितम् · विभक्ति-तत्पुरुष. The instrumental हस्तेन shows what was used to write.
- सूर्यचन्द्रौ · द्वन्द्व. Both members are retained, and the compound takes the dual.
- हर्षेण सह · अव्ययीभाव. The expression tells how an action is done, with joy.
- जलदः · उपपद-तत्पुरुष. The first part जल names what is given. The compound refers to a cloud.
- वने वासः · विभक्ति-तत्पुरुष. वने gives the place of residence and restores the locative.
- फलपुष्पाणि · द्वन्द्व. The compound names fruits and flowers together and stays plural.
- श्वेतं वस्त्रम् · कर्मधारय. The word names a garment and describes it as white.
- दीर्घौ बाहू यस्य सः · बहुव्रीहि. It refers to the person whose two arms are long. बाहू is dual.
- न आचारः · नञ्-तत्पुरुष. The negative prefix अन् precedes the vowel आ. Restore न in the expansion.
- असत्यम् · नञ्-तत्पुरुष. The negative prefix अ combines with सत्यम्.